UNITED STATES
 

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07/08/2022 - I keep evolving the Alternate US Navy as I think of different ideas and apply them through the various classes. Change the aircraft carrier time line and when they can become bigger, altering the classes and requiring a redraw of the Essex because of my later thoughts. Then I start drawing up the battleship and scout cruiser time lines and who and what should populate each class. Because I am only proposing the ships that will fight for the US Navy in World War Two, I start with the two early armoured and scout cruiser classes, and while doing those and the New York class battleships, I decide to completely revamp the US Navy 'Battle' line.

The USS Memphis remains the same, two converted to carriers, two as Large Cruisers (CB).
The USS Hawaii goes from a one ship class to a three ship class as Dreadnought Scout Cruisers.
The USS New York remains a two ship class and the oldest battleships kept in service.
The Nevada class disappears, those two ships become a third Pennsylvania and a fourth New Mexico.
The Tennessee goes to a class of three while the Colorado upsizes to its original four ship class.
That balances out the extra two Konishi class ships I give the Japanese.

I am bound to rethink things as I go further through the drawing process for the last four battleship classes. History changes every day. The winner writes the History.


The US Navy is a difficult proposition for any Alternate Universe drawings. Why? Because in a lot of cases the output of the US Navy is as good or better than the equivalent Navies of the time. So how much can you alter or change to enhance what is already available. My first try was to split the United States into two seperate entities of North and South. The North building solid, well armoured but slow capital ships while the South built faster battleship, battlecruiser types. To balance things out, the North gained what had been Canada to become the Commonwealth Union of America. While the South gained Central America to become the Confederate States of America. That, I felt, was a good way to end up with two fleets that would be bigger than the US Navy alone. It also gave me different weaponry that could enhance the ships. Especially in the AA categories.

The Presidential order fixing the production lines to what was already being produced, did stifle research and development. No new designs came into production until late 1943. The big ship categories that were built during the war were the Essex class, Iowa class, Alaska, Baltimore class, Cleveland Class, Atlanta class. These coupled with those completed pre-war made up enough to fight a two ocean war. Once the American production lines started rolling equipment out at never before seen rates, the pendulum of war swung very much in favour of the Allies. The Presidential order only lasted two years, but the sheer amount of equipment produced was still being used in the 1970's (5"/38 ammunition is still available to those weapons still in use in the minor navies of the world, millions upon millions of shells were produced).

To put it in to perspective, when Field Marshal Heinz Guderian was asked what was the best tank of the war? His answer was "the Sherman, there were so many of them, they just overwhelmed us". That same answer went for all sorts of classes of weaponry. The German Hipper class were considered one of the best heavy cruiser classes, but the Baltimore class were easily as good and there were so many more of them.

So how do you improve the Baltimore class?

Torpedoes? Not likely. Beside USN doctrine that had no torpedoes on cruisers till the Atlanta class. Barring the Japanese, cruisers with torpedoes hardly ever got to use them. They were too short ranged and slow to be of use against modern targets. The British cruisers used them occasionally with mixed results. HMS Trinidad fired its bank of torpedoes at the Z class destroyer line, only for one of the torpedoes to freeze its gyro, and the Trinidad torpedoed itself. While torpedoes were fired from HMS Dorsetshire to finish off the Bismarck chase.

More speed and armour? Not required. What the Baltimore class had was enough for the jobs it was built to undertake.

By the time the Baltimore was completed in 1943, the 1.1" chicago piano AA guns had been found to be deficient in service and replaced with the 40mm and 20 mm weapons.

So what is left? Radar? No. The Baltimore had the most up to date systems available. The only thing I think would enhance the Baltimore class (and other USN ships) would be to replace the 5"/38cal dual purpose guns. I have had many arguments with US people over how great the 5"/38cal guns were. The only reason the guns were any good, is like the Sherman, there were so many of them built. That does not make them good. The German 4.1" on the Hippers fired further and higher than the 5"/38. That German tri-axially mounted weapon was excellent compared to the 5"/38 The British 4.5" fired further and higher, the Japanese 5" and 100mm fired further and higher, the French...... you get the drift. The USN replaced the 5"/38 with the 5"/54 designed for use on the next generation of ships, Midway class, Montana class, then went to a 5"/54 auto loader for the later ships. But the Midway mount was deemed a failure as the size of the shell was increased which led to faster crew fatigue. Something that happened a lot with the larger dual purpose weapons. Me? I would lengthen the barrel to the 5"/54, but keep the same turret and ammunition. Increase the range and height by having higher velocity from the longer barrels. The 5"/38 barrels could be replaced with the 5"/54 when the various ships came in for refit. Sounds like an easy solution that may not work, I do not know enough about the engineering problems I may just have created. My thought is that barrels wear out regularly so why not replace them with 54 cal when due.

So on a drawing of the Baltimore all I would be changing would be the 5" gun barrels by adding 4-5 pixels of length. Duh. I wouldn't even add my name to the Artist line for that. That would be the same for the Essex, Iowa, Alaska and Cleveland classes. The Atlanta class I will do a redraw of, as I always thought the US Navy had tried for too much on too small a ship.

It is the earlier classes of 'Treaty' sized ships that I can do something with. The cruisers and destroyers built under the Washington Naval Treaty were very constricted in their construction. In my Alternate world, having the Japanese not sign the 1930 London Naval Treaty allows the US and others to start building bigger ships earlier. Which begs the question would the 6" cruisers of the Brooklyn and Cleveland classes get built at all? Those ships were part of the general reduction in cruiser size and guns from the LNT that I have just demolished. I like the Brooklyn class, they are real destroyer killers with that 15x6" broadside.

What I will do is to add some of the ships I have drawn for the US Navy in other venues. An extra three Louisiana class battleships using up the spare turrets from the Washington, Lexington, and Saratoga. Plus others as I think of them.

This putting my thoughts to paper has been good. It has helped to crystalise what I want and intend to do with the Alternate US Navy.

 

I am not going to worry about the ships that were projected to complete post-war. Midway, Montana, Des Moisne, all are outside the scope of what I want to do. The Essex, Iowa, Alaska, and Baltimore were the major warship classes built during the war. Some of the Baltimore class were converted to light carriers (my replacements for the Independence class).
Class Name	Number	Type	First date	Thumbnail
Aircraft Carriers The Saipan class replaces the Independence class as the Cleveland class does not get built to provide the hulls, the Baltimore class are substituted instead. The US Navy built a lot more CVE type carriers than listed but these were transferred to the Royal Navy under Lend Lease.
USS Essex	24	CV	1942-46
USS Saipan	14	CVL	1943-46
USS Commencement Bay	25	CVE	1943-44
USS Bogue	65	CVE	1942-43
USS Yorktown	4	CV	1940-41
USS Wasp	2	CV	1937-38
USS Ranger	1	CV	1934
USS Lexington	2	CV	1927-28
USS Langley	2	CVL	1923
Battleship, Battlecruisers While the battleship may have been replaced by the aircraft carrier as the main ship of force of the navy, the battleship still had a big part to play in the outcome of the war. The Pacific Fleets battleships at Pearl Harbour were an irresistible target for the Japanese, the Japanese should have waited and got the carriers.
USS Iowa	6	BB	1942-94
USS Alaska	6	CB	1943-60
USS Louisiana	3	BB	1941-42
USS Washington	6	BB	40-42
USS Colorado	4	BB	1920+
USS Tennessee	3	BB	1918-19
USS New Mexico	4	BB	1917
USS Pennsylvania	3	BB	1916
USS New York	2	BB	1914
USS Hawaii	3	BC	1917
USS Memphis	2	CB	1909-10
Light/Heavy/AA/Escort Cruisers At the end of WW1 the state of cruisers in the US Navy was dire. Only the three Chester class light cruisers. Ten armoured cruisers of the Pennsylvania and Tennessee classes (renamed to release their names for new battleship construction), and that was it. All of these ships had been deleted from  active service by the start of WW2. Construction during the war had centred on capital ships and destroyers (four pipers). A crash program of scout cruisers was instituted to start to rectify this. Classes of the new 'Heavy' cruiser brand followed after these when the treaty limits came into force.
USS Omaha	22	CAS	1920-25
USS Pensacola	2	CA	1929
USS Northampton	15	CA	1932-36
USS Wichita	12	CA	1938-41
USS Baltimore	40+	CA	1941-45
USS Atlanta	12	CLA	1942-45
Destroyers / Minelayers In real life, 50 of the four pipers went to the UK. Under my AU for the UK this does not need to happen as the RN keeps more of its similar aged destroyers. The four pipers can be used for a whole raft of differing destroyer roles and especially as minelayers. Quite a few of the classes can probably be lumped together as 1,500 ton and 4x5" armed ships. Porter and Somers will get a facelift with their original LA 5" being replaced with the twin 5"/38cal turrets. A lot of US destroyers through the 1930's were overloaded with torpedoes. The moment Radar and extra light AA guns were required the torpedo sets quickly disappeared.
USS Caldwell - Wickes - Clemson (4 pipers)	273	DD/E	1916-24
USS Farragut	8	DD	1934
Porter	8	DDL	1936-37
Mahan	18	DD	1936-37
Gridley	4	DD	1938
Bagley	8	DD	1937-38
Somers	5	DDL	1937-38
Benham	10	DD	1939
Sims	12	DD	1939-40
Benson	30	DD	1940-42
Gleaves	66	DD	1940-42
Fletcher	175	DD	1942-44
Allen M. Sumner	58	DD	1943-45
Gearing	98	DD	1945-48
USS Norfolk	4	DDL	1946
Miscellaneous Vessels The Destroyer Escort classes took over a lot of the duties that had fallen to the four pipers. Especially in the North Atlantic. Many of the Evarts and Buckley classes were transferred to the RN for use also in the North Atlantic. The original DDE plans came from a request from the RN for an escort that could do well in the North Atlantic. In real life the type is best known for Taffy 3 fighting off the Japanese central group at the Battle of the Philippines with the Yamato and Musashi in the van.
Evarts	97	DDE	1943-45
Buckley	148	DDE	1943-45
Cannon	72	DDE	1943-45
Edsall	85	DDE	1943-45
Rudderow	22	DDE	1944-45
John C Butler	83	DDE	1944-46

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